Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Atomic Bomb Essays

Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Atomic Bomb Essays Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Atomic Bomb Paper Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Atomic Bomb Paper HIROSHIMA The non-fiction book Hiroshima by John Hersey is an engaging text with a powerful message in it. The book is a biographical text about lives of six people Miss Sasaki, Dr. Fujii, Mrs. Nakamura, Father Kleinsorge, Dr. Sasaki and Rev. Tanimoto in Hiroshima, Japan and how their lives completely changed at 8:15 on the 6th of August 1945 by the dropping of the first atomic bomb. The author, John Hersey, through his use of descriptive language the in book Hiroshima exposes the many horrors of a nuclear attack. Through the shocking and troubling graphic detail of human suffering and the physical effect of radiation and burns caused by the dropping of the atomic bomb Hersey exposes to the reader the deeply disturbing physical impact of a nuclear attack. In the book when Hersey writes about Mr. Tanimoto helping people out of the river he uses the sentence, He reached down and took a woman by the hands but her skin slipped off in a huge glove like piece, to shock the reader with something a person would only expect to find in a horror movie. By him putting that sentence in the text Hersey exposes the physical effect a nuclear attack has on the human body and suggest we should never let this happen again. When the characters of miss Sasaki, a clerk in her young twenties who is crushed by a bookshelves that fall on her from the impact of the bomb and is severely injured and left crippled the author show that the bomb didn’t only affect people be directly burning them or by radiation but also by the structural damage. Another sentence John Hersey uses to expose the physical impact of a nuclear attack is, their faces were wholly burned, their eye sockets were hollow, and the fluid from their melted eyes had run down their cheeks. Through this sentence Hersey again shocks the reader with the graphic detail of human suffering caused by the nuclear attack. In the book Hiroshima the author not only exposes the physical impacts right after the bomb but also weeks and years after the nuclear attack. The effect of radiation caused by the atomic bomb on people for most lasted for the rest of there live and often was the cause of the death and for those who had children affected some of there children. One of the six people interviewed, Father Kleinsorge who had only suffered minor cuts when the bomb had been dropped, a month later they still hadn’t healed and was suffering from high fever and abdominal pain and low white cell count. But his character couldn’t receive the one thing which would have probably helped, a blood transfusion because with atomic bomb patients they weren’t sure that if you stick needles in them they’ll stop bleeding. By telling the reader about Father Kleinsorge Hersey shows the reader that the nuclear attack caused many people to suffer from radiation sick months after the actual bombing and the irony is that one of thing that could save them could also kill them. The author also tells us that by 1950 the incidence of leukemia in hibakusha (survivors of the atomic bomb) was between ten and fifteen time above the normal, this was five years after the bomb had hit Hiroshima. Hersey does this to show the reader that even for those that are lucky enough to escape death and the terrible burns from the bomb they still are affected physically by the effect of radiation sickness and also other sicknesses caused by the radiation from the bomb. Hersey not only expose the physical impact of a nuclear attack in his book Hiroshima but also the emotional impact the dropping of a atomic bomb has on people and a society. The character of miss Sasaki who was left crippled by the dropping of the bomb suffered more from the emotional impact of the bomb the just the physical. Hersey exposes to the reader that after the had nuclear attack left her crippled it also left her feeling hopeless. Being unable to walk properly for the rest of her life, Miss Sasaki knew that she wouldn’t be able to take care of her family anymore and that her chances of ever getting married had reduced, which in her society meant a lot because married women had a higher statue then those which were unmarried. All of this left Miss Sasaki depressed for a long time. By Hersey including this in his book he expose to the reader that a nuclear attack has a huge effect on people emotionally for years after the actual attack even if they’re not severely physically affect. The story of Mrs. Nakamura is another example Hersey uses to expose the emotional impact of the dropping of an atomic bomb. After the bomb is dropped it leaves the Nakamura with out much money and Mrs. Nakamura in one part off the book is forced to sell her dead husband’s sewing machine to pay for doctor bills. In the book she describes this as the lowest and saddest moment of her whole life. The bomb leaving them with nothing forces Mrs. Nakamura to do anything she can to care for herself and family which leaves her very emotionally distort. Hersey tell the reader this part of Mrs. Nakamura story to show the reader that even after the immediate damage the bomb still inflects emotional horror to those lucky enough to escape the physical impact of the bomb. The book Hiroshima also expose to the reader the sever psychological impact of the dropping of an atomic bomb. After the bomb had left a hundred thousand people dead in Hiroshima, Dr. Sasaki and Mr. Tanimoto were left wondering why they had survived while so many others had perished. On the day of the bombing Mr. Tanimoto spent most of his time helping people but in one part of the book when he was walking in the dark he tripped over an injured person. The book described him as feeling ashamed of hurting wounded people, embarrassed at being able to walk upright. Dr. Sasaki moved away from Hiroshima six years after the bomb to withdraw form the effect of being a hibakusha and the awful memories. But for his whole life he tried to forget yet couldn’t fully. He was still haunted by his failure to properly label all the dead to the Red Cross hospital so they could be properly honored. The Author shows the reader the damaging psychological impact the bomb had on those that had survived and had guilt over deaths that weren’t there fault simply because of the fact that they didn’t die like the rest. By Hersey exposing the psychological effect he also exposes to the reader that the effect of a nuclear attack can last for the rest of people lives. The dropping of the first atomic bomb not only had horrible effects on people but also a huge structural impact on there home. hey found that the power exerted by the explosion was 5. 3 tons per square yard and substances like mice which had a melting point of nine hundred degrees Celsius had fused with granite 80 yards from the center. The heat released by the bomb of six thousand degrees Celsius had pretty much destroyed every structure that it came in contact with which included thousands of peoples home and hundred hospitals. By Hersey telling the reader about the enormous structural damaged caused by the bo mb he not only tells about buildings being destroyed ut also lives. Thousands of people were left homeless and for the survivors a lot of the hospitals were destroyed leaving them with only a few places to get aid which resulted in many people not getting the help they needed. Hersey tells the reader this so they get the full impact of an atomic bomb. Through his uses of descriptive language Hersey exposes to the reader the physical, emotional, Psychological and structural damage caused by a nuclear attack. He shows the reader how peoples are physically changed but also how emotional psychologically scared by this act of horror. Through Hersey’s graphic detail of the horror after the bomb and the effects years after he shock the reader while also give the message that we shouldn’t let this happen again. In the book Hiroshima the author John Hersey exposes that a nuclear attack is not simply a disaster that fades away when the rubble is removed and buildings are rebuilt but an act of horror that changes the course of people’s live.

Food Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Food Marketing - Essay Example An alternative geography begins to emerge because the restricted ecologies of quality food production are frequently to be found in areas that have escaped the industrialization processes that support globalization. This is most apparent in agriculture, where the maintained use of â€Å"output-enhancing† technologies in the post-war period has frequently resulted in uncovered agricultural ecosystems. Thus those areas that have largely remained insignificant to industrialized agriculture are generally the very areas where quality production might bloom. The turn toward quality in consumption may then reveal a very different mixture of productivity, one that contrasts in important respects with the dominant geographic distribution of food production activities. Consumers increasingly are linking ideas of food quality to ideas of nature in the agro-food system, as though they feel that the higher the natural content of food the less susceptible it will be to hurt human interferen ce. Yet, some leading commentators on the food sector have begun to argue that the theoretical analysis of food has tended to underplay the â€Å"salience of nature†. It is now widely believed that the agro-food system is globalize, and much of the recent research into the agro-food system has taken as its main focus how processes of globalization come to be driven by the reshaping of food production processes according to patterns of capital growth.

The School Exclusions in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The School Exclusions in Britain - Essay Example The fixed term exclusion is not exceeding 45 days in a school year. 1-3 day's exclusion usually gives desired results in behaviour of the excluded student and it does not lead to adverse educational consequences. However, if new evidences come into the light the exclusion limit may be raised. The lunchtime exclusions, which are for one-half day, are also fixed term exclusions (DCSF 2008). Informal or unofficial exclusions are child and parent friendly but law does not take these into consideration. These are generally made for students who had shown good behaviour previously. The problem is solved and stigma of exclusion does not occur. The student is sent home due to improper appearance or dress code. The African-Caribbean students are sent home for hair cut. The parents of constantly disruptive students voluntarily accept to change his/her school rather than official permanent exclusion. While in internal exclusions student is allowed to remain in school premises but can not participate in school activities (Blyth & Milner 1996). The DCSF (2008) guidelines do not consider exclusion appropriate if made on minor incidents, poor academic performance, being late or truant, pregnancy, breaches of rules regarding uniforms and appearance unless persistent and for behaviour of the parent The DCSF (2000) advice schools to avoid excluding SEN students with statement except under exceptional conditions. The pupils with mental, sensory, intellectual and physical impairment should not be excluded because of challenging behaviour due to their disability. There should not be discrimination on racial grounds. The pupils in public care should be retained in school. The Head teacher's power to exclude: The head teacher of a maintained school or the teacher in charge of a pupil referral Unit (PRU) may exclude a pupil from the school for a fixed period or permanently. To exclude permanently means removing a child from the school on disciplinary ground (Education Act (s.52) 2002). Thus the statutory power to exclude a student reside with the head teacher since the Education (No. 2) act 1986. The decision to exclude a pupil should be taken only: (a) in response to serious breaches of the school's behaviour policy; and (b) if allowing the pupil to remain in school would seriously harm the education or welfare of the pupil or others in the school. The headteacher should exclude a student as a last resort when all other remedies have genuinely failed (Harris et al 2000). The head teacher should regard following prior to this serious decision lest a student is unfairly excluded: Behaviour Policy; School's Drug Policy; Schools Equal Opportunities Policy, Human Rights Act 1998;Disability Discrimination Act 1995; Special Educational Needs (SEN) Code of Practice; Race Relations Act 1976 as amended by Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000.(DCSF 2008) The headteacher should ensure that the exclusion is not imposed in the heat of the moment unless there is an immediate threat to safety. He should take statements from witnesses and see the possible provocation. He may also take other persons' opinion to

Meditations Essay Example for Free

Meditations Essay Rene Descartes’ Meditations paved way to the enquiry of the epistemological nature of knowledge – a paradigm shift from an ontological priority to an epistemological priority of philosophizing. In this regard, Descartes believed that the fundamental source of knowledge is reason. As such, knowing material objects can only come upon an entity which is not external to us – that is the mind. The certainty of our understanding then rests on the clarity and distinctness of ideas constituting formal reality and not upon the immediate perception of an object. With this, he attempted to prove the existence of the Cogito, of God and dualism of the mind and the body, the methodic doubt as his primary grounding to prove the truthfulness of his claims. Let us now then analyze the seemingly problematic suppositions Descartes posits. One is dualism of the mind and body. It is because it is hard to conceive how two different things interact with each other. One indicator of such is when the mind chooses to do a specific action and the body seems to willingly do the action the mind chose. Another is when we perceive objects in the external world, our mind grasp and process the forming of these images based on our sense perception. Nevertheless, the primary question one can posit on the whole philosophy of Descartes is the appropriateness of granting existence to the conceptual entities in the mind. Existence, for Descartes, is proven through the recognition of the mind based on intuitions which manifest clarity and distinctness (or inner awareness where the mind and body are inseparable yet different from each other). By clarity, he claimed that it is the presence of an idea/object, and by distinctness, it is the relationship of clear ideas/objects and how its relationship distinguishes what belongs to an idea/object. Furthermore, he also claimed that substances are the building blocks of reality, categorized into two: the mind and the body. As such, he further maintained that these substances have primary attributes: the mind which is thought and the body, the extension. Ideas, for Descartes, are the modes of thought that link the mind and the world because they have formal and objective reality. By the former, he meant the kind of reality things have in this world and by the latter, the reality of objects represented by ideas. Hence, an idea can have formal reality because it is the mode of thought itself and it can also have an objective reality because it represents something outside of itself. In his work, one can deduce that he is certain only in his existence. As such, making him a thinking substance. He asserted that he comes to know this fact through clear and distinct perception, and logically it would follow that all his other clear and distinct perceptions are true in reference to formal and objective reality. In order to confirm the truthfulness of these clear and distinct perceptions, he proved the existence of a benign God which relies on the Mediator’s cognition of clear and distinct ideas. Even if we exempt the possibility of granting existence to fictitious entities for we may have clear and distinct perception of them, the possibility of granting existence to other conceptual entities in our mind is still questionable. First, I believe that we can only have clear and distinct perception of the conceptual entities through our senses – that is they exist in the physical realm. By that, I mean that we can have conception and understanding (on the context on how can we know them) primarily because they have manifestations in the physical world as also with regards to certain logical principles. For example, my understanding or even my idea of a tree originates from my perception of that tree in reality. Second, even if I can have clear and distinct perception of a God, it does not mean that a god/God indeed exist which cause my idea of God as what Descartes claimed. Arguably, there may be some other entity or there may be the possibility this world is just made up of matter and energy. Hence, there is no higher being which exists. It can be deduced then the appropriateness of granting existence to conceptual entities in the mind only comes if we could know their truth in the physical realm. As such, Descartes claimed of the mind being non-erroneous in granting existence to things/objects in this world is held in question.

In this study I will be comparing the 2 poems, To Autumn and Ozymandias

In this study I will be comparing the 2 poems, To Autumn and Ozymandias. I have chosen these two poems because out of the four that we have looked at, I have found these to be the most interesting. In this study I will be comparing the 2 poems, To Autumn and Ozymandias. I have chosen these two poems because out of the four that we have looked at, I have found these to be the most interesting. Ozymandias revolves more around time than nature, whereas To Autumn revolves around nature more than time. Ozymandias is on the surface a nice little tale of a big bad man who made a statue that has been destroyed. However if you probe at it, you realise that it is actually all about time and nature destroying everything. I shall go into this further later. To Autumn would, at first glance, seem to be simply about Autumn and how it is the "close-bosom friend of the maturing sun" but if you look in detail at the words used you can see that there is an underlying tone that is far more grim. Both poems have both rhyme and rhythm. In Ozymandias, there are 10 syllables per line, except one, where there are 11. In To Autumn, there are also, about 10 syllables per line. As a result the rhythm in both is pretty constant. As well as rhythm, they have rhyme. In Ozymandias, the rhyme is the end of lines 1 & 3 & 5, 2 & 4, 6 & 8, 7 & 10, 9 & 11 & 13, and 12 & 14. In To Autumn the end of all lines in each stanza do rhyme with at least one other, in this way: 1st & 3rd, 2nd & 4th, 5th & 9th & 10th, 6th & 8th, 7th & 11th. This pattern is repeated in each stanza. Ozymandias is simply a big single stanza; To Autumn however is a poem with 3 stanzas. But these do not really seem to flow together. They rather seem to be almo... ...zymandias talks more about the strength of time, whereas To Autumn talks about how Nature, and in particular, Autumn are forces that provide much in the world. If you are someone who doesn't class a poem as a poem unless it has rhyme, rhythm, poetic language, sound patterns etc, then you are far more likely to prefer To Autumn, because it is much more the poet's poem than Ozymandias. I personally prefer Ozymandias, because it has great power. Although it doesn't have much in the ways of standard poetic tools, it does have rhyme and rhythm, as well as a deep and strong message. Self-Criticism - Not enough actual comparison, too much just talking about the poem. - Used the words 'think' and 'believe' to often Is that even a word? - It doesn't read well, it jaws, I have obviously just looked at what to write and written about it just like that.

Allowing for Inflation and Taxation

ALLOWING FOR INFLATION AND TAXATION Q1. Ethan Co is evaluating Project Z, which requires an initial investment of $45,000. Expected net cash flows are $16,000 per annum for two years at today's prices. However, these are expected to rise by 3.7% pa because of inflation. The firm's money cost of capital is 11%. Find the NPV by discounting money cash flows. (MCQ)Years Cash flows ($) Money cash flows ($)0 (45,000) (45,000)1 16,000 Ãâ€" 1.037 16,5922 16,000 Ãâ€" (1.037)2 17,206$(11,202)$(13,000)$16,079$(16,079)(2 marks) Q2. Philip Co.'s selling prices ; variable costs of construction are $200,000 ; $100,000 respectively and are in current price terms before allowing inflation of 3%/annum on selling price ; 4%/annum on variable cost. Fixed cost for the year is $70,000 before inflation of 2%/annum. Calculate the taxable cash flows for year 2 and fill in the table given below. (FIB)3714752222500$ (2 marks) Q3. A project has the following cash flows before allowing for inflation. The company's money discount rate is 13.5%. The general rate of inflation is expected to remain constant at 5%. Evaluate the NPV by using real cash flows and real discount rates (MCQ)Year Cash flow ($000)0 (600)1 2402 500$31,000$36,300$51,000$53,500(2 marks) Q4. GW Co. is expecting a net of tax receipt of $8,000 (in real terms) in one year's time. If GW Co. expects inflation to increase, what impact will this have on the present value of that receipt? (MCQ)ReduceNilCannot sayIncrease(2 marks) Q5. Which of the following about the inflation values included in the nominal cost of capital is correct?The expected general inflation suffered by the investorsThe previous general inflation suffered by the investorsIt is specific ; historic to the businessIt is expected ; specific to the business(2 marks) Q6. DC Co. has a 31st December year end ; pays corporation tax at a rate of 24%, 12 months after the end to which the cash flow relates. It can claim tax allowable depreciation at a rate of 25% reducing balance. It pays $3m for a machine on 31st December 20X1. DC Co.'s cost of capital is 10%.At cost of capital 10%, what is the present value on 31st December 20X1 of the benefit of the first portion of tax allowable depreciation? (MCQ)$750,000$163,620$180,000$148,680(2 marks) Q7. Ghost Co. needs to have $400,000 working capital immediately for the three-year project. The amount will stay constant in real terms. Inflation is running at 7% per annum, and Ghost Co.'s money cost of capital is 14%. What will be the net present value of working capital? Give answer to the nearest number. (FIB)3708407112000$ (2 marks) Q8. The investment is $200,000 ; the capital allowances will be calculated on the basis of 25% reducing balance basis. The tax rate is 27% which will be paid in arrears. Calculate the capital allowances for year three when the project life is four years? (MCQ)$13,500$10,125$7,594$22,781(2 marks) Q9. Joseph a project manager plans to invest $500,000 in a new project. His company pays a corporation tax of $28% per annum with tax liability settled in the year in which it arises. The tax allowable depreciation can be claimed on the cost of the investment on a straight line basis over the projects life of four years. What will be the balancing charge/allowance for the company? (MCQ) $125,000 (Balancing Charge)$360,000 (Balancing Allowance)$360,000 (Balancing Charge)$140,000 (Balancing Allowance)(2 marks) Q10.The following information relates to two machines:Machine 1 Machine 2Investment $100,000 $50,000Tax allowable depreciation 25% Reducing Balance 25% Reducing BalanceProject Life 2 years 2 yearsScrap value $50,000 $50,000Capital Allowance start Year 0 Year 1The corporation tax rate is 30%. State whether Balancing Allowance or Charge will arise for Machine 1 ; Machine 2. (MCQ)M1 Balancing Charge / M2 Balancing AllowanceM1 Balancing Allowance / M2 Balancing ChargeM1 ; M2 Balancing ChargeM1 ; M2 Balancing Allowance(2 marks) Q11. A project has the following projected cash inflows:Year 1 $50,000Year 2 $75,000Year 3 $105,000Working capital is required to be in place at the start of each year equal to 5% of the cash inflow for that year. Cost of capital is 8%. What is the present value of the working capital? (FIB)3714751905000$ (2 marks) Q12. A company's expected sales for the new venture to be 10,000 units per year. The selling price is expected to be $5 per unit in the first year, inflating by 4% per year over the three year life of the project. Working capital equal to 8% of annual sales is required and needs to be in place at the start of each year. Calculate the working capital increment needed in year 2? (MCQ)$(4,160)$(160)$4,480$0(2 marks) Q13. Tec Co. is planning to invest in a three-year project having following details: Revenue for year 1 $150,000, year 2 $175,000 & year 3 $120,000. 12% of sales will be required as working capital at the start of each year end. Calculate incremental working capital for year three? (FIB)3714752222500$ (2 marks) Q14. Working capital of each year is 3% of sales which will be required at the start of each year. The sales will inflate by 2% per year and the sales are as follows:Year 1 $300,000Year 2 $445,000Year 3 $267,700Calculate Present value using cost of capital of 4%. (MCQ)$(4,271)$5,023$7,281$(1,147)(2 marks) ALLOWING FOR INFLATION AND TAXATION (ANSWERS) Q1. DMoney cash flows ($) Discount rate (11%) Present value ($)(45,000) 1 (45,000)16,592 0.901 14,95017,206 0.812 13,971NPV (16,079) Q2. $31,000Costs Inflation Year 2 ($000)Sales Revenue 200 Ãâ€" (1.03)2 212Variable Cost 100 Ãâ€" (1.04)2 (108)Fixed Cost 70 Ãâ€" (1.02)2 (73)Taxable cash flows 31 Q3. CReal rate: [(1+ 13.5%) à · (1+ 5%)] – 1 = 8%Year Cash flow ($000) Discount factor 8% Present value ($000)0 (600) 1 (600)1 240 0.926 2222 500 0.857 429NPV 51 Q4. BHigh expectation of inflation will have following effects:Higher nominal discount rateHigh expected nominal cash flowExact cancellation of each other Q5. AThe inflation included in the nominal cost of capital is required by the investors to compensate them for the loss of general purchasing power their money will suffer in the future as a result of investing in the business. Q6. $163,620The asset is purchased on 31st December 20X1, so the first portion of tax allowable depreciation is accounted for on the date (as this the year-end). The amount of depreciation would be $3m Ãâ€" 25% = $750,000.Claiming this allowance will save ($750,000 Ãâ€" 24 %=) $180,000 tax when it is paid one year in arrears hence the $180,000 Ãâ€" 0.909 (DF 10%) = $163,620 Q7. $ – 138,472The working capital required will inflate year on year, then the inflated amount will be returned at the end of the project.Year Cash flow Increment (7%) Discount Factor (14%) Present Value0 (400,000) (400,000) 1 (400,000)1 428,000 (28,000) 0.877 (24,556)2 457,960 (29,960) 0.769 (23,039)3 0 457,960 0.675 309,123NPV -138,472 Q8. CYear Working Capital Allowance Tax Benefit1 (200,000 Ãâ€" 25%) 50,000 Ãâ€" 27% 13,5002 (150,000 Ãâ€" 25%) 37,500 Ãâ€" 27% 10,1253 (112,500 Ãâ€" 25%) 28,125 Ãâ€" 27% 7,5944 84,375 Ãâ€" 27% 22,781Balancing Allowance/Charge (Year 4)200,000 – (50,000+37,500+28,125) = 84,375 (Balancing allowance) Q9. B$500,000 à · 4 years = $125,000$125,000 Ãâ€" 28% (tax rate) = $35,000$35,000 Ãâ€" 4 years = $140,000$500,000 – $140,000 =$360,000 (Balance Allowance) Q10. BMachine 1Year 0 100,000 Ãâ€" 25% 25,000 Ãâ€" 30% 7,5001 75,000 Ãâ€" 25% 18,750 Ãâ€" 30% 5,6252 100.000 – (25,000+18,750) = 56,250 – 50,000 = 6,250 6,250 Ãâ€" 30% 1,875 (B.A)Machine 2Year 0 1 50,000 Ãâ€" 25% 12,500 Ãâ€" 30% 3,7502 50,000 – (12,500) = 37,50037,500 – 50,000 = (12,500) (12,500) Ãâ€" 30% (3,750) (B.C) Q11. $ -868Year Cash flow ($) Increment (5%) Discount factor (8%) Present value ($)0 2,500 (2,500) 1 (2,500)1 3,750 (1,250) 0.926 (1,158)2 5,250 (1,500) 0.842 (1,263)3 0 5,250 0.772 4,053-868 Q12. BYear Selling price inflation (4%) Working capital ($) (8%) Increment (5%)0 4,160 (4,160)1 $5.2 Ãâ€" 10,000 = 52,000 4,320 (160)2 $5.4 Ãâ€" 10,000 = 54,000 4.480 (160)3 $5.6 Ãâ€" 10,000 = 56,000 4,4800 Q13. $14,400Year 0 1 2 312% of Sales revenue $18,000 $21,000 $14,400Required WC at end 18,000 21,000 – 18,000 21,000 – 14,400 Incremental (18,000) (3,000) 6,600 14,400 Q14. DYear Inflated Sales ($) Working Capital ($) Incremental WC ($) Discount Factor (4%) Present value ($)0 9,180 (9,180) 1 (9,180)1 306,000 13,620 (4,440) 0.962 (4,271)2 454,000 8,190 5,430 0.925 5,0233 273,000 8,190 0.889 7,281NPV (1,147)

Male Dominance In Hills Like White Elephants and The...

Both Ernest Hemingway’s Hills Like White Elephants and John Steinbeck’s The Chrysanthemums portray oppressed female characters in the early 1900s. In Hemingway’s short, Jig is oppressed by her lover known only as â€Å"The American,† whereas, the main character in The Chrysanthemums, Elisa Allen, feels the weight of oppression from society (male dominated) as a whole. Although the driving force of the two women’s subjugation varies slightly, their emotional responses to such are what differentiate the two. Throughout Hills Like White Elephants, the American refers to his girlfriend only as Jig (which is a device used for measuring whiskey). This nickname implies that he sees her only as an object; a companion to his wolfish†¦show more content†¦It’s really not anything. It’s just to let the air in. (†¦) We’ll be fine afterward. Just like we were before† (pg 639). Although she does seem to struggle with the decision, it isn’t long until she relinquishes her objection, giving him authority over her morality and judgment. In The Chrysanthemum, Elisa Allen’s character is clearly the result of oppression in a male dominated community. Early on, Steinbeck makes it a point to establish her femininity (or lack there of) as the result of her marriage to, and life with, a common rancher and farmer: â€Å"Her figure looked blocked and heavy in her gardening costume, a man’s black hat pulled down over her eyes, clodhopper shoes, a figured print dress almost completely covered by a big corduroy apron with four big pockets to hold the snips, the trowel and scratcher, the seeds and the knife she worked with† (pg 1611). Elisa has obviously taken on a more masculine faà §ade due to her years spent on the farm. However, it seems apparent, both early on and later in the story that she has tried to maintain what femininity she has. She does not help with the ranch or the cultivation of the orchard, but rather tends to her own garden. Her reportedly stellar chrysanthemums represent her delicate side. By maintaining and ensuring a yearly exemplary flourish, Elisa sustains and nourishes her suppressed womanly essence. Although Steinbeck reveals that, â€Å"The